Japan consists of 4 large and more than 3000 small islands, with the ~58 conifer species and varieties playing a major role in their flora and vegetation. For reasons of both vegetation history and zonal confluence the conifers of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands are included in this chapter. There are 34 range maps, 12 conifer habitat photos and descriptions, and 39 full-page species profiles (see sample pages below).